manual:chapter5:asm

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revision Previous revision
Next revision
Previous revision
Next revision Both sides next revision
manual:chapter5:asm [2019/11/25 16:17]
jojo1973 Expanded and reformatted (part 1)
manual:chapter5:asm [2019/12/04 15:30]
claudio [Flow control]
Line 1: Line 1:
-===== Assembly-like instructions in newRPL =====+===== Assembly-like Instruction Set =====
  
-Sometimes managing a more than three values on the stack leads to an excessive use of stack manipulation commands (the so-called //stackrobatics//) resulting in code excessively convolute.+Sometimes managing a more than three or four values on the stack leads to an excessive use of stack manipulation commands (the so-called //stackrobatics//) resulting in convolute code.
  
-In these cases a different syntaxbased on the manipulation of few, global registers achieves greater clarity; this subset of the language, given its resemblance, is called **Assembly-like Instruction Set**.+In these cases a compact subset of instructions, with a different syntax and based on the manipulation of a small number of global registers, may achieve greater clarity; this subset of the language, given its compact format, is called **Assembly-like Instruction Set**.
  
-The Assembly-like Instruction Set is not meant as a separate programming language neither its feature are to be sandboxed in exclusive environments: its statements can be freely intermingled with **newRPL** commands and suit to one's programming style.+The Assembly-like Instruction Set is not meant as a separate programming language neither its feature are intended to be sandboxed in exclusive environments: its statements can be freely intermingled with **newRPL** commands and to suit anyone's programming style.
  
 ==== Registers and pseudo-registers ==== ==== Registers and pseudo-registers ====
Line 27: Line 27:
 **Instructions** are divided in the following classes:  **Instructions** are divided in the following classes: 
  
-^ Assignment operators  ^ Math operators  ^ Math functions  ^ Flow control  ^ Data manipulation +^ Assignment  ^ Math (oper.)  ^ Math (functions)  ^ Tests  ^ Flow control  ^ Data manipulation 
-| ''=''  | ''+''  | ''IP''  | ''CMP''  | ''GET'' +| ''=''  | ''+''  | ''IP''  | ''CMP''  | ''SKIP''  | ''GET'' 
-| ''+=''  | ''-''  | ''LN''  | ''SKIP''  | ''PUT'' +| ''+=''  | ''-''  | ''LN''  | ''CHK''  | ''LOOP''   | ''PUT'' 
-| ''-=''  | ''*''  | ''EXP''  | ''LOOP''  | ''PUSH'' +| ''-=''  | ''*''  | ''EXP''  | ''AND''  |    | ''PUSH'' 
-| ''*=''  | ''/''  | ''SQRT''  | ''FPUSH''  | ''RPUSH'' +| ''*=''  | ''/''  | ''SQRT''  | ''OR''  |    | ''RPUSH'' 
-| ''/=''  | ''^''  | ''SIN''  |  :::  | ''POP'' +| ''/=''  | ''^''  | ''SIN''  | ''XOR''  |  :::  | ''POP'' 
- :::   :::  | ''COS''  |  :::  | ''RPOP'' +      | ''COS''  |    |  :::  | ''RPOP'' 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''TAN'' |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''TAN'' |  :::  |  :::  | ''MIN''  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ASIN''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ASIN''  |  :::  |  :::  | ''MAX''  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ACOS''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ACOS''  |  :::  |  :::  | ''RND''  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ATAN'' |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ATAN'' |  :::  |  :::  | ''CLR''  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''SINH''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''SINH''  |  :::  |  :::  |   
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''COSH''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''COSH''  |  :::  |  :::  |    
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''TANH''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''TANH''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ASINH''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ASINH''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ACOSH''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ACOSH''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ATANH''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ATANH''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''FP''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''FP''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ABS''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ABS''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''ARG''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''ARG''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''RE''  |  :::  |  :::  | +|  :::  |  :::  | ''RE''   :::   :::  |  :::  | 
-|  :::  |  :::  | ''IM''  |  :::  |  :::  |+|  :::  |  :::  | ''IM''   :::   :::  |  :::  |
  
-**Literals** are integer constants from ''0'' to ''15''. They can optionally prefixed with a hash (''#'') or expressed in hexadecimal (''#0H''-''#FH''). In the latter case the leading ''#'' and trailing ''H'' are compulsory.+**Literals** are integer constants from ''0'' to ''15''. They can optionally be prefixed with a hash (''#'') or expressed in hexadecimal (''#0H''-''#FH''). In the latter case the leading ''#'' and trailing ''H'' are compulsory.
  
 **Statements** are divided in two categories: **Statements** are divided in two categories:
  
   * **Assignments**, which may have   * **Assignments**, which may have
-    * an optional destination register (''A''-''H'', ''S1''-''S7'' or ''P''); +    * an optional //destination register// (''A''-''H'', ''S1''-''S7'' or ''P''); 
-    * an optional assignment operator (''='', ''+='', ''-='', ''*='' or ''/=''); +    * an optional //assignment operator// (''='', ''+='', ''-='', ''*='' or ''/=''); 
-    * a math operator or function: operators are __infix__ and functions are __prefix__; +    * a //math operator//, a //math function// or a //data manipulation command//: operators are __infix__functions and commands are __prefix__; 
-    * 1 or 2 arguments to the operator or function. Arguments can be either a register (''A''-''H'', ''S1''-''S7''), a reference (''R'') or a literal.+    * 1 or 2 arguments to the operator or function. Arguments can be either a (pseudo-)register (''A''-''H'', ''S1''-''S7''), a reference (''R'') or a literal. 
  
   * **Commands**, which may be   * **Commands**, which may be
-    * a comparison command, followed by the two arguments to be compared; +    * a //comparison// command, followed by the two arguments to be compared; 
-    * a flow control command, followed by the condition to be tested; +    * a //flow control// command, followed by the condition to be tested; 
-    * a data manipulation command, followied by two arguments defining the extent of the manipulation;+    * a //data manipulation// command, followed by two arguments defining the extent of the manipulation;
     * arguments can be either a register (''A''-''H'', ''S1''-''S7''), a reference (''R'') or a literal.     * arguments can be either a register (''A''-''H'', ''S1''-''S7''), a reference (''R'') or a literal.
  
 ==== Simple assignments with operators ==== ==== Simple assignments with operators ====
  
-| '':A=B+1''Adds ''1'' to the value of register ''B'' and assigns the result to ''A'' +| '':A=B+#1''Add ''1'' to the value of register ''B'' and assign the result to register ''A'' 
-| '':E=R { 1 2 3 }'' Assigns the list ''{ 1 2 3 }'' to ''E'' +| '':E=R { 1 2 3 }'' Assign the list ''{ 1 2 3 }'' to register ''E'' 
-| '':P=A'' Pushes the register ''A'' to the stack  | +| '':P=A'' Push the value of register ''A'' to the stack  | 
-| '':A=S2'' '':S2=S1'' '':S1=A'' Swaps stack level 1 with level 2  | +| '':A=S2'' '':S2=S1'' '':S1=A'' Swap stack level 1 with level 2 using register ''A'' as temporary storage. An error is raised if the stack contains less than 2 levels  | 
-| '':C+=B^2'' Squares ''B'' and adds the result to ''C''  |+| '':C+=B^#2'' Square the value register ''B'' and adds the result to register ''C''  |
  
 ==== Assignment with math functions ==== ==== Assignment with math functions ====
  
-| '':A+=ABS.S1'' Adds the absolute value of stack level 1 to the value of ''A'' +| '':A+=ABS.S1'' Add the absolute value of stack level 1 to the value of register ''A'' 
-| '':C*=SIN.A'' Computes the sine of ''A'' and multiplies it with the content of ''C'' +| '':C*=SIN.A'' Compute the sine of register ''A'' and multiplies it with the content of register ''C'' 
-| '':D=ATANH.R %%'e^2'%%''Assigns the hyperbolic arctangent of ''%%'e^2'%%'' to ''D''  |+| '':D=ATANH.R %%'e^2'%%''Assign the hyperbolic arctangent of ''%%'e^2'%%'' to register ''D''  |
  
-==== Testing ====+==== Tests ====
  
-| '':CMP.A.#1'' Compares ''A'' and ''1'' and sets internal flags  |+Test instructions will, when the result is not stored or assigned to any register, affect two system flags: flag [[manual:appendix:flags#flag-58|-58]] if the result of the test was zero (in the case of ''CMP'', if the two arguments are equal) and flag [[manual:appendix:flags#flag-59|-59]] if the result is negative (in the case of ''CMP'', when the first argument is less than the second). 
 + 
 +The ''CMP'' command is equivalent to the **newRPL** ''[[manual:chapter6:operators:cmd_ovr_cmp|CMP]]'' operator and accepts the same type of arguments.  
 + 
 +| '':CMP.A.#1'' Compare register ''A'' and literal ''1'', setting internal flags accordingly 
 +| '':C=CMP.A.#1''  | Compare register ''A'' and literal ''1'', store the result of the comparison in ''C''. In this case internal flags will **not** be set.  | 
 +| '':AND.A.#1''  | Logical ''AND'' between ''A'' and literal ''1'' (always true), therefore resulting in ''0'' (false) if ''A'' is false, true otherwise. Internal flags will be set accordingly. 
 +| '':C=AND.A.#1''  | Same as above, store the result of the test (true/false) in ''C''. In this case internal flags will **not** be set.  |
  
-The ''CMP'' command is equivalent to the **newRPL** ''[[manual:chapter6:operators:cmd_ovr_cmp|CMP]]'' operator and accepts the same type of arguments, but instead of returning a value representing the result of the comparison it merely sets two system flags: flag -58, if the two arguments are equal and flag -59 if the first argument is less than the second. 
  
 ==== Flow control ==== ==== Flow control ====
  
-The following commands accept one argument expressing a test condition. the argument expresses mnemonically the state of flags -58 and -59, according to the following table.+The following commands accept one argument expressing a test condition. the argument expresses mnemonically the state of flags [[manual:appendix:flags#flag-58|-58]] and [[manual:appendix:flags#flag-59|-59]], according to the following table.
  
-^ Mnemonic  ^ Test condition         ^ Flag -58  ^ Flag -59  ^+^ Mnemonic  ^ Test condition         ^ Flag [[manual:appendix:flags#flag-58|-58]] (Zero) ^ Flag [[manual:appendix:flags#flag-59|-59]] (Negative) ^
 | ''AL''    | Always                 | ---       | ---       | | ''AL''    | Always                 | ---       | ---       |
 | ''LT''    | Less Than              | ---       | Set       | | ''LT''    | Less Than              | ---       | Set       |
-| ''EQ''    | Equals                 | Set       | ---       | +| ''EQ'' or ''Z''  | Equals                 | Set       | ---       | 
-| ''LTE''   | Less Than or Equals    | ---       | Set       |+| ''LE''    | Less Than or Equals    | ---       | Set       |
 | :::       | :::                    | Set       | ---       | | :::       | :::                    | Set       | ---       |
 | ''NA''    | Never                  | ---       | ---       | | ''NA''    | Never                  | ---       | ---       |
-| ''GTE''   | Greater Than or Equals | ---       | Clear     | +| ''GE''    | Greater Than or Equals | ---       | Clear     | 
-| ''NE''    | Not Equals             | Clear     | ---       |+| ''NE'' or ''NZ''  | Not Equals             | Clear     | ---       |
 | ''GT''    | Greater Than           | Clear     | Clear     | | ''GT''    | Greater Than           | Clear     | Clear     |
  
 ---- ----
  
-| '':SKIP.EQ'' Skips next instruction if the result of last comparison was //Equals// +| '':SKIP.EQ'' Skip next instruction if the state of the flags was //Equals// 
-| '':LOOP.LTE''  | Must be followed by a program ''« ... »'' or a secondary '':: ... ;''It will repeat the object that follows while the result of the last comparison is //Less Than or Equals//; notice the program or secondary that follows **must** update the internal flags with a '':CMP.x.y'' command or it will loop indefintely  | +| '':LOOP.LE''  | Must be followed by a program ''« ... »'' or a secondary '':: ... ;''Repeat the object that follows while the state of the flags is //Less Than or Equals//. Notice the program or secondary that follows **must** update the internal flags with a '':CMP.[Y].[Z]'' or other test statement or it will loop indefinitely  | 
-| '':FPUSH.GT'' Pushes True (''1''to the stack if the result of the last comparison is //Greater Than//, otherwise pushes False (''0''to the stack  |+| '':A=CHK.GT'' Results in true (''1'') if the state of flags is //Greater Than//, otherwise results in False (''0''). Result may be stored into a register or pseudo-register. If the result is not stored, flags will be affected accordingly  |
  
-The ''FPUSH'' command is useful to combine Assembly-like statements into **newRPL** flow control structures. For example<code>+The ''CHK'' command is useful to combine assembly-like statements into **newRPL** flow control structures. For example<code>
 « IF  « IF 
-    :CMP.A.#0 +    :CMP.A.#3    @@ COMPARE A WITH 3 
-    :FPUSH.EQ+    :P=CHK.EQ    @@ AND CHECK IF IT'S EQUAL, PUSHING TRUE/FALSE TO THE STACK
   THEN   THEN
     ...     ...
Line 119: Line 125:
 ==== Data manipulation ==== ==== Data manipulation ====
  
-'':A=POP.S1.3'' Remove values from the stack (pop) from the given stack levels and store the values on registers A, B, C... starting with A, and as many values as needed. The first argument refers to a stack level (1 to current stack depth), and can be given as a literal number, as another register containing an integer number object or reference to the actual stack level (''S1'' as used in this example). The second arguments refers to the number of items to pop, and in a similar way, it can be given as a literal number (''3'' in this example), a register or reference to an integer number object. The example given will assign '':A=S1'', '':B=S2'' and '':C=S3'', while also removing the values from the stack.+These instructions allow manipulation of composite objects (listsvectors and matrices) as well data retrieval or storage from and to the stack, therefore some of them are assignments and others are commands.
  
-'':A=RPOP.S1.3'' Similar to '':POP'' but the assignment is done in reverse order. In this example '':A=S3'', '':B=S2'', and '':C=S1''+| '':A=GET.S2.#5''  | Retrieve the 5th element of the composite stored at stack level 2 and store it in register ''A''
 +| '':C=PUT.#3.R 9''  | Store the object on the ninth level of stack at third position of the composite stored in register ''C''. In other words ''C(3)=S9'' 
 +| '':A=POP.S1.#3''  | Remove values from the stack (//pop//) from the given stack levels and store the values on registers ''A'', ''B'', ''C''... starting with ''A'', and as many values as needed.  The example given will assign '':A=S1'', '':B=S2'' and '':C=S3'', while also removing the values from the stack. 
 +'':A=RPOP.S1.#3''  Similar to '':POP'' but the assignment is done in reverse order. In this example will do '':A=S3'', '':B=S2'', and '':C=S1''  |  
 +| '':PUSH.A.#3'' | Reverse of '':POP''. In this example will do '':P=C'', '':P=B'' and '':P=A'' 
 +| '':RPUSH.A.#3''  | Reverse of '':RPOP''. In this example will do '':P=A'', '':P=B'', and '':P=C''  |
  
-'':PUSH.A.3'' Reverse of '':POP'', this example will do '':P=C'', '':P=B'' and '':P=A''+==== Example code ====
  
-'':RPUSH.A.3'' Reverse of '':RPOP''this example will do '':P=A'''':P=B'', and '':P=C''+The following programs show the Assembly-like Instruction Set features in action: they are meant to be didactic rather than clever. 
 + 
 +---- 
 + 
 +  * ''Q2'' is an almost line-per-line translation of the program presented in chapter 2 of the //HP-42S Programming Examples and Techniques// manual. 
 + 
 +<code> 
 +« @@ Q2: Solve aX^2+bX+c=0 where a≠0, c≠0 
 +  -103 SF             @ Complex results 
 +  :A=RPOP.S1.#      @ Store coefficients in registers 
 +  :CMP.A.#0 :D=CHK.EQ @ a=0? 
 +  :CMP.C.#0 :E=CHK.EQ @ c=0? 
 +  :OR.D.E             @ Are either zero? 
 +  :SKIP.EQ            @ Skip next seco if both tests were false 
 +  :: "Zero Input Invalid" 
 +     DOERR            @ Abort with error 
 +  ; 
 +  :D=#0-B             @ -B 
 +  :E=B*B              @ B^2 
 +  :F=#4*A :F*=C       @ 4*A*C 
 +  :E-=F   :E=SQRT.E   @ √(B^2-4*A*C) 
 +   
 +  :CMP.B.#0 
 +  :SKIP.GE :F=D+E     @ -B+√(B^2-4*A*C) when B<=0 
 +  :SKIP.LT :F=D-E     @ -B-√(B^2-4*A*C) when B>0 
 +   
 +  :E=A*#            @ 2*A 
 +  :P=F/             @ (-B-SIGN(B)*√(B^2-4*A*C))/2/A is R1, the largest root in absolute value 
 +  :P=C/             @ R1, C/A 
 +  :S1/=S2             @ C/(R1*A) is R2, the other root 
 +» 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +---- 
 + 
 +  * ''STRAIGHT'' computes the equation of the straight line passing through the points p<sub>1</sub>=(x<sub>1</sub>,y<sub>1</sub>) and p<sub>2</sub>=(x<sub>2</sub>,y<sub>2</sub>). 
 +<code> 
 +« @@ STRAIGHTcompute aX+bY+c passing through p1 and p2 
 +  → p1 p2         @ Get the two points 
 +  « p1 C→R        @ Split the first 
 +    p2 C→R        @ Split the second 
 +    :C=RPOP.S1.#4 @ Store x1y1, x2 and y2 in C, D, E and F registers 
 +    :A=R 'X     @ Registers can store anything 
 +    :B='Y     @ if 'Rpseudo-register is used 
 +    :B-=D         B='Y-y1' 
 +    :A-=C         @ A='X-x1' 
 +    :F-=D         @ F=y2-y1 
 +    :E-=C         @ E=x2-x1 
 +    :B*=E         @ B='(Y-y1)*(x2-x1)' 
 +    :F*=A         @ F='(y2-y1)*(X-x1)' 
 +    :B-=F         @ B='(Y-y1)*(x2-x1)-(y2-y1)*(X-x1)' 
 +    :P=B          @ Push result on the stack 
 +  » 
 +» 
 +</code> 
  • manual/chapter5/asm.txt
  • Last modified: 2021/09/29 05:58
  • by jojo1973